Deuteronomy 21King James Version
If a body is found in a field and no one knows who killed him, the elders of the nearest city must bring a heifer to a stream and break its neck and wash their hands over it, declaring their innocence. Then laws about a captive woman, an unloved wife, and a rebellious son. The chapter ends with the law that a hanged man is not to be left on the tree overnight.
Moses addresses several miscellaneous laws: the unsolved murder ritual with the heifer, the rights of a captive woman taken as a wife, the inheritance rights of the firstborn son of a less-loved wife over the son of the preferred wife, the rebellious son who is brought to the elders and stoned, and the requirement to bury a man hanged on a tree before nightfall, since the hanged man is cursed by God.
Law reaches into the most intimate and irregular edges of human life, from a murder no one witnessed to the burial of a criminal, because there is no zone of human experience God does not address.
23: "His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled." Paul quotes this verse in Galatians to explain the theological weight of the crucifixion: Christ became a curse so we would not remain under it.
The plains of Moab, 1406 BC. Moses is legislating for a society that will shortly enter a land with real violence, real war, real grief, real dysfunction. These laws address what happens when someone is found dead with no witnesses, or when a soldier falls in love with a prisoner of war.
Moses, legislating. The unnamed murdered man whose killer is unknown. The captive woman. The firstborn son of the unloved wife. The rebellious son. The executed criminal. Each is a type, not a named person.
Verse 23 becomes one of the most theologically loaded verses in the New Testament. Paul's argument in Galatians 3:13 that Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law hangs directly on this Deuteronomy text. The hanged criminal was not just punished but placed in the category of the accursed, and Paul says Jesus voluntarily stepped into that category.
For when life has gotten irregular and messy in ways the simple rules do not cover. The chapter says even the hard and uncomfortable cases have been thought about, and there is a way through.
1If one be found slain in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee to possess it, lying in the field, and it be not known who hath slain him:
2Then thy elders and thy judges shall come forth, and they shall measure unto the cities which are round about him that is slain:
3And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;
4And the elders of that city shall bring down the heifer unto a rough valley, which is neither eared nor sown, and shall strike off the heifer's neck there in the valley:
5And the priests the sons of Levi shall come near; for them the LORD thy God hath chosen to minister unto him, and to bless in the name of the LORD; and by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried:
6And all the elders of that city, that are next unto the slain man, shall wash their hands over the heifer that is beheaded in the valley:
7And they shall answer and say, Our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it.
8Be merciful, O LORD, unto thy people Israel, whom thou hast redeemed, and lay not innocent blood unto thy people of Israel's charge. And the blood shall be forgiven them.
9So shalt thou put away the guilt of innocent blood from among you, when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD.
10When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive,
11And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife;
12Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house; and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails;
13And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife.
14And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.
15If a man have two wives, one beloved, and another hated, and they have born him children, both the beloved and the hated; and if the firstborn son be hers that was hated:
16Then it shall be, when he maketh his sons to inherit that which he hath, that he may not make the son of the beloved firstborn before the son of the hated, which is indeed the firstborn:
17But he shall acknowledge the son of the hated for the firstborn, by giving him a double portion of all that he hath: for he is the beginning of his strength; the right of the firstborn is his.
18If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:
19Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;
20And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.
21And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.
22And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree:
23His body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; (for he that is hanged is accursed of God;) that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.