1 Chronicles 19King James Version
The Ammonites humiliate David's ambassadors. A huge battle follows. Joab divides his forces against the Ammonites in front and the Syrians behind. Both flee. The Syrians regroup with reinforcements from across the river and are defeated again.
David sends ambassadors to comfort the new king of Ammon after his father dies. The Ammonites humiliate the delegation, assuming espionage. War follows. Joab and Abishai coordinate a two-front defense and win decisively. When Hadadezer of Syria sends reinforcements, David himself leads Israel to a larger victory.
David's initial act was one of loyalty and goodwill; the war that followed was forced on him by those who misread his intentions, and God backed the side that sought peace.
19:13, Be of good courage, and let us behave ourselves valiantly for our people, and for the cities of our God: and let the LORD do that which is good in his sight., Joab's pre-battle speech combines human resolve with total trust in God's outcome.
David hears that the Ammonites have shaved half the beards and cut the garments of his envoys. He tells them to wait at Jericho until their beards grow back. The image is small and human amid a story of war. The Chronicler's David does not rage; he plans. Then he fights when there is no other option.
David, who initiates goodwill toward Hanun; Hanun, the Ammonite king who insults David's envoys; Joab, who divides his forces and rallies them with a speech; Abishai, who takes the second front; Shophach, Syrian commander who dies in the second battle.
The Chronicler includes this episode to show David's justice and restraint. He did not want this war. When forced into it, he fought well and won. For post-exile readers navigating relationships with neighboring peoples who were often hostile, David's response offered a model: extend goodwill first, but do not back down when goodwill is rejected with contempt.
For when you acted in good faith and were treated as a threat. David's men did not absorb the humiliation as their final answer.
1Now it came to pass after this, that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon died, and his son reigned in his stead.
2And David said, I will shew kindness unto Hanun the son of Nahash, because his father shewed kindness to me. And David sent messengers to comfort him concerning his father. So the servants of David came into the land of the children of Ammon to Hanun, to comfort him.
3But the princes of the children of Ammon said to Hanun, Thinkest thou that David doth honour thy father, that he hath sent comforters unto thee? are not his servants come unto thee for to search, and to overthrow, and to spy out the land?
4Wherefore Hanun took David's servants, and shaved them, and cut off their garments in the midst hard by their buttocks, and sent them away.
5Then there went certain, and told David how the men were served. And he sent to meet them: for the men were greatly ashamed. And the king said, Tarry at Jericho until your beards be grown, and then return.
6And when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves odious to David, Hanun and the children of Ammon sent a thousand talents of silver to hire them chariots and horsemen out of Mesopotamia, and out of Syriamaachah, and out of Zobah.
7So they hired thirty and two thousand chariots, and the king of Maachah and his people; who came and pitched before Medeba. And the children of Ammon gathered themselves together from their cities, and came to battle.
8And when David heard of it, he sent Joab, and all the host of the mighty men.
9And the children of Ammon came out, and put the battle in array before the gate of the city: and the kings that were come were by themselves in the field.
10Now when Joab saw that the battle was set against him before and behind, he chose out of all the choice of Israel, and put them in array against the Syrians.
11And the rest of the people he delivered unto the hand of Abishai his brother, and they set themselves in array against the children of Ammon.
12And he said, If the Syrians be too strong for me, then thou shalt help me: but if the children of Ammon be too strong for thee, then I will help thee.
13Be of good courage, and let us behave ourselves valiantly for our people, and for the cities of our God: and let the LORD do that which is good in his sight.
14So Joab and the people that were with him drew nigh before the Syrians unto the battle; and they fled before him.
15And when the children of Ammon saw that the Syrians were fled, they likewise fled before Abishai his brother, and entered into the city. Then Joab came to Jerusalem.
16And when the Syrians saw that they were put to the worse before Israel, they sent messengers, and drew forth the Syrians that were beyond the river: and Shophach the captain of the host of Hadarezer went before them.
17And it was told David; and he gathered all Israel, and passed over Jordan, and came upon them, and set the battle in array against them. So when David had put the battle in array against the Syrians, they fought with him.
18But the Syrians fled before Israel; and David slew of the Syrians seven thousand men which fought in chariots, and forty thousand footmen, and killed Shophach the captain of the host.
19And when the servants of Hadarezer saw that they were put to the worse before Israel, they made peace with David, and became his servants: neither would the Syrians help the children of Ammon any more.