Ezekiel 31King James Version
A parable of Assyria as a great cedar in Lebanon, higher than all the trees, with birds in his branches and beasts in his shadow. His top reached the clouds. Yet because of his pride he was cut down. Now Egypt, who art thou like in glory? You will go down the same way.
God asks Pharaoh: whom are you like in your greatness? A cedar of Lebanon, taller than all other trees, watered by the deep, in whom all nations nested. Yet Assyria was also like that cedar, and Assyria was cut down by the most terrible of nations and fell. Its branches crushed all who sheltered in it. Pharaoh and all Egypt will go down to the pit with the uncircumcised nations.
Assyria was greater than Egypt and was cut down; Egypt should read the precedent and stop seeing herself as uniquely immune to collapse.
18: "To whom art thou thus like in glory and in greatness among the trees of Eden? yet shalt thou be brought down with the trees of Eden unto the nether parts of the earth." Eden's glory is not protection from the pit: everything that was Eden-great has gone down.
Around 587 to 585 BC. The Assyrian empire had collapsed within living memory of Ezekiel's audience. Its ruins were visible. Using it as the object lesson for Egypt was not abstract history but a recent and recognizable cautionary tale.
Pharaoh addressed directly; the cedar as Assyria, the comparative template; the great nations who sheltered in Assyria's branches; the nations of the pit who receive the fallen; the LORD who pronounces the sentence.
Assyria's use as a warning to Egypt is a compressed lesson in geopolitical memory. Assyria dominated the ancient Near East for centuries and seemed permanent. It was destroyed by Babylon in 612 BC, just a generation before this oracle. Egypt was making the same mistake Assyria made: assuming that greatness of scale equals permanence of power.
For when you believe the past success is a guarantee of future safety. The chapter is a cold examination of that assumption. Every great cedar in Eden has come down. The question is not whether but when.
1And it came to pass in the eleventh year, in the third month, in the first day of the month, that the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,
2Son of man, speak unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, and to his multitude; Whom art thou like in thy greatness?
3Behold, the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of an high stature; and his top was among the thick boughs.
4The waters made him great, the deep set him up on high with her rivers running round about his plants, and sent out her little rivers unto all the trees of the field.
5Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his branches became long because of the multitude of waters, when he shot forth.
6All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his boughs, and under his branches did all the beasts of the field bring forth their young, and under his shadow dwelt all great nations.
7Thus was he fair in his greatness, in the length of his branches: for his root was by great waters.
8The cedars in the garden of God could not hide him: the fir trees were not like his boughs, and the chesnut trees were not like his branches; nor any tree in the garden of God was like unto him in his beauty.
9I have made him fair by the multitude of his branches: so that all the trees of Eden, that were in the garden of God, envied him.
10Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast lifted up thyself in height, and he hath shot up his top among the thick boughs, and his heart is lifted up in his height;
11I have therefore delivered him into the hand of the mighty one of the heathen; he shall surely deal with him: I have driven him out for his wickedness.
12And strangers, the terrible of the nations, have cut him off, and have left him: upon the mountains and in all the valleys his branches are fallen, and his boughs are broken by all the rivers of the land; and all the people of the earth are gone down from his shadow, and have left him.
13Upon his ruin shall all the fowls of the heaven remain, and all the beasts of the field shall be upon his branches:
14To the end that none of all the trees by the waters exalt themselves for their height, neither shoot up their top among the thick boughs, neither their trees stand up in their height, all that drink water: for they are all delivered unto death, to the nether parts of the earth, in the midst of the children of men, with them that go down to the pit.
15Thus saith the Lord GOD; In the day when he went down to the grave I caused a mourning: I covered the deep for him, and I restrained the floods thereof, and the great waters were stayed: and I caused Lebanon to mourn for him, and all the trees of the field fainted for him.
16I made the nations to shake at the sound of his fall, when I cast him down to hell with them that descend into the pit: and all the trees of Eden, the choice and best of Lebanon, all that drink water, shall be comforted in the nether parts of the earth.
17They also went down into hell with him unto them that be slain with the sword; and they that were his arm, that dwelt under his shadow in the midst of the heathen.
18To whom art thou thus like in glory and in greatness among the trees of Eden? yet shalt thou be brought down with the trees of Eden unto the nether parts of the earth: thou shalt lie in the midst of the uncircumcised with them that be slain by the sword. This is Pharaoh and all his multitude, saith the Lord GOD.